Master the Fundamentals of Biology (Part 1 of 4) IGCSE
This is a Biology Course for Students Preparing for Any High School Biology Exams (iGCSE, GCSE, AP Biology & More)
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7 hours
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Nov 2022
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$64.99
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What you will learn
In this course students will learn exactly what they need to know for their biology exams. Students will learn about:
UNIT 1: The nature and variety of living organisms.
The seven characteristics of living organisms.
How to describe the common features shown by eukaryotic organisms: plants, animals, fungi, and protoctists.
How to describe the common features shown by prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria.
The term pathogen and know that pathogens may include fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses.
UNIT 2: Structure and functions in living organisms
How to describe the levels of organisation in organisms: organelles, cells, tissues, organs and systems.
How to describe cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuole.
How to describe the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and vacuole.
The similarities and differences in the structure of plant and animal cells.
How to explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of specialised cells.
The advantages and disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine.
How to identify the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils).
How to describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch, protein, lipids
The role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions.
How temperature changes can affect enzyme function, including changes to the shape of active site.
How enzyme function can be affected by changes in pH altering the active site.
The processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport by which substances move into and out of cells.
How factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells
Understand the process of photosynthesis and its importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy
Know the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis
Understand how varying carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis
Describe the structure of the leaf and explain how it is adapted for photosynthesis
Understand that plants require mineral ions for growth, and that magnesium ions are needed for chlorophyll and nitrate ions are needed for amino acids
Understand that a balanced diet should include appropriate proportions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre
Identify the sources and describe the functions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid (fats and oils), vitamins, mineral ions, water and dietary fibre
Understand how energy requirements vary with activity levels, age and pregnancy
Describe the structure and function of the human alimentary canal, including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestineand pancreas
Understand how food is moved through the gut by peristalsis
Understand the role of digestive enzymes, including the digestion of starch, protein and lipids
Understand that bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
Understand the role of bile in neutralising stomach acid and emulsifying lipids
Understand how the small intestine is adapted for absorption, including the structure of a villus
Understand how the process of respiration produces ATP in living organisms
Know that ATP provides energy for cells
Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Know the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms
Know the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals
Understand the role of diffusion in gas exchange
Understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen) in relation to respiration and photosynthesis
Understand how the structure of the leaf is adapted for gas exchange
Describe the role of stomata in gas exchange
Understand how respiration continues during the day and night, but that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of light
Describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes
Understand the role of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm in ventilation
Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries
Understand the biological consequences of smoking in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system, including coronary heart disease
Understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell
Understand the need for a transport system in multicellular organisms
Describe the role of phloem in transporting sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant
Describe the role of xylem in transporting water and mineral ions from the roots to other parts of the plant
Understand how water is absorbed by root hair cells
Understand that transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of a plant
Understand how the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in humidity, wind speed, temperature and light intensity
Describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
Understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy
Understand how adaptations of red blood cells make them suitable for the transport of oxygen, including shape, no nucleus and the presence of haemoglobin
Understand how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes
Understand how vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner
Understand how platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms
Describe the structure of the heart and how it functions
Explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline
Understand how factors may increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease
Understand how the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their function
Understand the general structure of the circulation system, including the blood vessels to and from the heart and lungs, liver and kidneys
Understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leaf
Know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys and skin (organs of excretion)
Understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation
Describe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Describe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct
Describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtrate
Understand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct
Understand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule
Describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood
Understand that urine contains water, urea and ions
Understand how organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment
Understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and that body water content and body temperature are both examples
Understand that a co-ordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor and an effector
Understand that plants respond to stimuli
Describe the geotropic and phototropic responses of roots and stems
Understand the role of auxin in the phototropic response of stems
Describe how nervous and hormonal communication control responses and understand the differences between the two systems
Understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves
Understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out the CNS results in rapid responses
Understand the role of neurotransmitters at synapses
Describe the structure and functioning of a simple reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object
Describe the structure and function of the eye as a receptor
Understand the function of the eye in focusing on near and distant objects, and in responding to changes in light intensity
Describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation, with reference to sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen
Understand the sources, roles and effects of the following hormones: ADH, FSH and LH
PAST PAPER EXAM QUESTION WALKTHROUGHS
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13/04/2020
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20/01/2021
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