Mastering Python Operators: A Comprehensive Guide

16. The common comparison operators in Python are:

• == (equal to)
• != (not equal to)
• < (less than)
• > (greater than)
• <= (less than or equal to)
• >= (greater than or equal to)

17. B) To combine conditions and create complex expressions that evaluate to True or False.

18. A) AND, C) OR, D) NOT

19. B) False (in Python, logical operators return a boolean value, and in this case, both conditions (x==3 and y==10) are False, so the entire expression is False)

20. C) True only if age is 20 and has_id is True (both conditions must be true for the expression to evaluate to True)

21. B) and requires both conditions to be True, while or requires only one to be True.

22. The truth table of the 'and' logical operator in Python is as follows:

P   Q | P and Q
-----------------
 True True  |  True
True False  |  False
False True   |  False
False False   |  False

23. No, if the first expression is True, there is no need to evaluate the second expression because or will return True as soon as one of its operands is True.

24. The function of the 'not' logical operator is to negate a boolean value. It takes a single operand and returns a boolean result that is the opposite of the input (True if the input was False, and False if the input was True).

25. C) is (The is operator checks whether two variables point to the same object in memory.)

26. D) is not (The is not operator checks that two variables do not point to the same object in memory.)

27. B) An equality comparison (==) compares the values of two expressions, while the identity comparison (is) compares the actual objects.

28. C) is is an identity operator in Python.

29. B) Always False. The is operator checks if x and y refer to the exact same object, not if they have the same elements. In this case, x and y are different lists even though they contain the same elements.

30. The difference between the identity operator (is) and the equality operator (==) is that is checks whether two references denote the same object, while == checks if the values of two expressions are equivalent.

31. B) Individual bits within a binary number.

32. C) AND (&) is a common bitwise operator.

33. A) 0000 (decimal 0). The bitwise AND of x and y will turn off any bit where x or y has a zero, resulting in all zeros because the binary representation of both numbers differs at each bit position.

34. D) Shifts the bits of the operand to the left, filling empty positions with zeros. The << operator takes an integer and shifts its bits to the left by the number of positions specified. Each shifted-out bit from the high-order end is discarded, and new bits (which are zeros) fill in from the low-order end.